فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 38 (زمستان 1397)

In every period of history, construction owed much to the presence of people who have nurtured the intention of constructing the building and became the founder of its formation; those who have provided funding for construction and groups that have had various tasks in the implementation. Many architectural works are still standing, but there is seldom accurate information about the people who played a role in their creation. This lack of information is especially evident in the works of the lower classes of society. The collection of buildings in Afvashteh village is one of the works that was formed in the ninth century AH., far from the center of Timurid rule. The limited first-hand sources available from this collection, including an inscription on the facade of the Dar al-Siyadeh and an endowment letter, make it possible to track down influential people in the construction process. Although the information provided by these sources is not complete, in this study, an attempt has been made to clarify the names of individuals and their role in the construction of the collection with the help of other sources and the use of interpretation tools, as well as the historical interpretation method. The results of this study show that three people have played a role in the formation of Afvashteh village; Sayyed Hasan Hosseini as the founder, Ala al-Dawla, Shahrokh’s grandson as the supporter, and Hasan Ibn Nizamuddin Banna Isfahani as the builder. This collection has been created and continued in the shadow of these three groups.

The term "Silk Road" was first used in 1876 AD (1292 AH. / 1254 ASH.) by a German geographer and tourist during his travel to China. Richthofen chose this name for the vast network of roads connecting Asia and Europe, from the China Sea to Central and Western Asia, especially the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia to the Mediterranean coast. This nomenclature was influenced by several circumstances and factors at the time, and this article examines the background of this nomenclature and explores this question based on the explanation of historical and literary data: What role has Iranian culture and art, including brocade (Zarbaft) produced in Central Asia played in naming the network of ancient trade and cultural roads as the "Silk Road"? Much research has been done on the role of Iran and its culture and civilization on roads, cultural interactions, and the common heritage of roadside communities, but the role of Iranian culture, history, art, and heritage in nomenclature of the Silk Road has not been studied. Scholars attribute it to the culture and history and role of Chinese silk, and the Chinese silk trade, regardless of the time of its naming and the effective reasons for using the name Silk Road in the 19th century; but in the present article, the role of Iran and Iranian culture in this nomination has been studied.

In the 1340s and 1350s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi undertook developmentalist reforms in various areas of governance and tried to define an identity as a legitimate identity in each of these areas and persuade individuals (including students) to accept it. But this legitimate identity (the identity created by the Pahlavi government apparatus) was not welcomed by the students, the instrumental/intellectual elites of the society, and Mohammad Reza Shahchr('39')s plans could not attract the consent of the students. Therefore, the main question of the article is: Why was legitimate identity (the identity constructed by the political system) rejected by students in the 1340s and 1350s? The paper hypothesized using the two theoretical constructs of Bourdieuchr('39')s field/habitus and Castellschr('39')s identity: The incompatibility of the legitimate identities of economic, academic, and political fields and the inconsistency of policies led to the rejection of legitimate identities by students. The findings of the article show that legitimate follow-up identity led students to formulate resistance identities. The article was written using the "how is it possible" explanatory method.

Nader Shahchr('39')s rule was accompanied by social revolts. A variety of factors, including the lack of political legitimacy and governance, played a key role in creating a sense of relative deprivation and the resulting revolts. Using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting data from library, based on the theory of relative deprivation, the present article seeks to answer the reason for these revolts, as well as the following questions: What are the effects of concurrent revolts in Nader Shahchr('39')s behavior and governance? And were these revolts related to the feeling of relative deprivation? The results of the research show that the occurrence of concurrent revolts was due to the rebellion of the countrychr('39')s elders, and a turning point in changing Nader Shahchr('39')s good behavior with the people of the country and the people’s descending feeling of relative deprivation found a way to emerge as chaos through the pretext of nobles and heads for rebellion.

The external shell and the physical characteristics of the building have always played an essential role in Iranian architecture and its function has been various in different periods and has always been influenced by cultural and social conditions throughout history. The diversity of this layer of architecture in the first Pahlavi period is more visible than other periods. Because by employing foreign architects, especially German, the Iranian government provided the basis for the emergence of different architectural styles with different physical characteristics. The main question of the research is that what are the components and features of the physical structure and the external layer of architecture in this period which is influenced by the presence of the Germans in Iran? The present research is of qualitative type and based on historical documents and field perceptions, based on descriptive-analytical method, will deal with the role of German architects in the emergence and appearance of physical features in the architecture of Pahlavi the first period. The results show that German architects have influenced the physical aspects and the external shell of architecture in the aforementioned period in two ways; First, the use of German architectural capabilities through lived experience and its transfer to Iran, and second, the use of pre-Islamic and post-Islamic architectural features.

Over the time, various factors have led to damage the Iranian houses. By examining the surviving documents of Nawab Razavichr('39')s house in Yazd, it is possible to represent a major part of the lost spaces and also to minimize speculation in the restoration of this historic house. The basic belief of this research is that the studies of the oral history of architecture as well as the existing historical visual documents are effective in representing the lost spaces of this building. So far, some research has been done on the historical houses of Yazd, but less research has been done using oral history documents to represent the spaces of the houses. The method of data gathering in this research is library and field studies. This article intends to represent the framework and using relations of the lost micro-spaces of the Nawab Razavi historical house architecture in Yazd.